Cc'ing Paul with full quote for review, as he's the one who will probably take care of using this from Podman. By the way, I didn't finish reviewing this yet, but, so far, it looks simpler than I thought! I still need to find a moment to use my little hammer on it, and find out if it's perhaps a bit too simple. :) On Mon, 29 Dec 2025 17:55:58 +0800 Yumei Huang wrote:

This patch introduces a mode where we only forward loopback connections and traffic between two namespaces (via the loopback interface, 'lo'), without a tap device.

With this, podman can support forwarding ::1 in custom networks when using rootlesskit for forwarding ports.

In --no-tap mode, --host-lo-to-ns-lo, --no-icmp and --no-ra is automatically enabled. Options requiring a tap device (--ns-ifname, --ns-mac-addr, --config-net, --outbound-if4/6) are rejected.

Link: https://bugs.passt.top/show_bug.cgi?id=149 Signed-off-by: Yumei Huang --- conf.c | 56 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--------------- fwd.c | 3 +++ passt.1 | 5 +++++ passt.h | 2 ++ pasta.c | 3 +++ tap.c | 11 +++++++---- 6 files changed, 61 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)

diff --git a/conf.c b/conf.c index 84ae12b..353d0a5 100644 --- a/conf.c +++ b/conf.c @@ -1049,7 +1049,8 @@ pasta_opts: " --no-copy-addrs DEPRECATED:\n" " Don't copy all addresses to namespace\n" " --ns-mac-addr ADDR Set MAC address on tap interface\n" - " --no-splice Disable inbound socket splicing\n"); + " --no-splice Disable inbound socket splicing\n" + " --no-tap Don't create tap device\n");

passt_exit(status); } @@ -1451,6 +1452,7 @@ void conf(struct ctx *c, int argc, char **argv) {"no-ndp", no_argument, &c->no_ndp, 1 }, {"no-ra", no_argument, &c->no_ra, 1 }, {"no-splice", no_argument, &c->no_splice, 1 }, + {"no-tap", no_argument, &c->no_tap, 1 }, {"freebind", no_argument, &c->freebind, 1 }, {"no-map-gw", no_argument, &no_map_gw, 1 }, {"ipv4-only", no_argument, NULL, '4' }, @@ -1947,8 +1949,11 @@ void conf(struct ctx *c, int argc, char **argv) } } while (name != -1);

- if (c->mode != MODE_PASTA) + if (c->mode != MODE_PASTA) { c->no_splice = 1; + if (c->no_tap) + die("--no-tap is for pasta mode only"); + }

if (c->mode == MODE_PASTA && !c->pasta_conf_ns) { if (copy_routes_opt) @@ -1957,6 +1962,25 @@ void conf(struct ctx *c, int argc, char **argv) die("--no-copy-addrs needs --config-net"); }

+ if (c->mode == MODE_PASTA && c->no_tap) { + if (c->no_splice) + die("--no-tap is incompatible with --no-splice"); + if (*c->ip4.ifname_out || *c->ip6.ifname_out) + die("--no-tap is incompatible with --outbound-if4/6"); + if (*c->pasta_ifn) + die("--no-tap is incompatible with --ns-ifname"); + if (*c->guest_mac) + die("--no-tap is incompatible with --ns-mac-addr"); + if (c->pasta_conf_ns) + die("--no-tap is incompatible with --config-net"); + + c->host_lo_to_ns_lo = 1; + c->no_icmp = 1; + c->no_ra = 1; + c->no_dns = 1; + c->no_dns_search = 1; + } + if (!ifi4 && *c->ip4.ifname_out) ifi4 = if_nametoindex(c->ip4.ifname_out);

@@ -1980,9 +2004,9 @@ void conf(struct ctx *c, int argc, char **argv) log_conf_parsed = true; /* Stop printing everything */

nl_sock_init(c, false); - if (!v6_only) + if (!v6_only && !c->no_tap) c->ifi4 = conf_ip4(ifi4, &c->ip4); - if (!v4_only) + if (!v4_only && !c->no_tap) c->ifi6 = conf_ip6(ifi6, &c->ip6);

if (c->ifi4 && c->mtu < IPV4_MIN_MTU) { @@ -1998,30 +2022,32 @@ void conf(struct ctx *c, int argc, char **argv) (*c->ip6.ifname_out && !c->ifi6)) die("External interface not usable");

- if (!c->ifi4 && !c->ifi6 && !*c->pasta_ifn) { + if (!c->ifi4 && !c->ifi6 && !*c->pasta_ifn && !c->no_tap) { strncpy(c->pasta_ifn, pasta_default_ifn, sizeof(c->pasta_ifn) - 1); }

if (!c->ifi4 && !v6_only) { - info("IPv4: no external interface as template, use local mode"); - - conf_ip4_local(&c->ip4); + if (!c->no_tap) { + info("IPv4: no external interface as template, use local mode"); + conf_ip4_local(&c->ip4); + } c->ifi4 = -1; }

if (!c->ifi6 && !v4_only) { - info("IPv6: no external interface as template, use local mode"); - - conf_ip6_local(&c->ip6); + if (!c->no_tap) { + info("IPv6: no external interface as template, use local mode"); + conf_ip6_local(&c->ip6); + } c->ifi6 = -1; }

- if (c->ifi4 && !no_map_gw && + if (c->ifi4 > 0 && !no_map_gw && IN4_IS_ADDR_UNSPECIFIED(&c->ip4.map_host_loopback)) c->ip4.map_host_loopback = c->ip4.guest_gw;

- if (c->ifi6 && !no_map_gw && + if (c->ifi6 > 0 && !no_map_gw && IN6_IS_ADDR_UNSPECIFIED(&c->ip6.map_host_loopback)) c->ip6.map_host_loopback = c->ip6.guest_gw;

@@ -2116,10 +2142,10 @@ void conf(struct ctx *c, int argc, char **argv) conf_ports(c, name, optarg, &c->udp.fwd_out); } while (name != -1);

- if (!c->ifi4) + if (c->ifi4 <= 0) c->no_dhcp = 1;

- if (!c->ifi6) { + if (c->ifi6 <= 0) { c->no_ndp = 1; c->no_dhcpv6 = 1; } else if (IN6_IS_ADDR_UNSPECIFIED(&c->ip6.addr)) { diff --git a/fwd.c b/fwd.c index 44a0e10..2f4a89a 100644 --- a/fwd.c +++ b/fwd.c @@ -780,6 +780,9 @@ uint8_t fwd_nat_from_host(const struct ctx *c, uint8_t proto, return PIF_SPLICE; }

+ if (c->no_tap) + return PIF_NONE; + if (!nat_inbound(c, &ini->eaddr, &tgt->oaddr)) { if (inany_v4(&ini->eaddr)) { if (IN4_IS_ADDR_UNSPECIFIED(&c->ip4.our_tap_addr)) diff --git a/passt.1 b/passt.1 index db0d662..2d643f7 100644 --- a/passt.1 +++ b/passt.1 @@ -755,6 +755,11 @@ Default is to let the tap driver build a pseudorandom hardware address. Disable the bypass path for inbound, local traffic. See the section \fBHandling of local traffic in pasta\fR in the \fBNOTES\fR for more details.

+.TP +.BR \-\-no-tap +Do not create a tap device in the namespace. In this mode, only local loopback +traffic between namespaces is forwarded using splice. + .SH EXAMPLES

.SS \fBpasta diff --git a/passt.h b/passt.h index 79d01dd..0c1ec4c 100644 --- a/passt.h +++ b/passt.h @@ -200,6 +200,7 @@ struct ip6_ctx { * @no_ndp: Disable NDP handler altogether * @no_ra: Disable router advertisements * @no_splice: Disable socket splicing for inbound traffic + * @no_tap: Do not create tap device * @host_lo_to_ns_lo: Map host loopback addresses to ns loopback addresses * @freebind: Allow binding of non-local addresses for forwarding * @low_wmem: Low probed net.core.wmem_max @@ -277,6 +278,7 @@ struct ctx { int no_ndp; int no_ra; int no_splice; + int no_tap; int host_lo_to_ns_lo; int freebind;

diff --git a/pasta.c b/pasta.c index 0ddd6b0..3510ec5 100644 --- a/pasta.c +++ b/pasta.c @@ -316,6 +316,9 @@ void pasta_ns_conf(struct ctx *c) die("Couldn't bring up loopback interface in namespace: %s", strerror_(-rc));

+ if (c->no_tap) + return; + /* Get or set MAC in target namespace */ if (MAC_IS_ZERO(c->guest_mac)) nl_link_get_mac(nl_sock_ns, c->pasta_ifi, c->guest_mac); diff --git a/tap.c b/tap.c index 9d1344b..9b4eedc 100644 --- a/tap.c +++ b/tap.c @@ -1491,13 +1491,16 @@ static int tap_ns_tun(void *arg) */ static void tap_sock_tun_init(struct ctx *c) { - NS_CALL(tap_ns_tun, c); - if (c->fd_tap == -1) - die("Failed to set up tap device in namespace"); + if (!c->no_tap) { + NS_CALL(tap_ns_tun, c); + if (c->fd_tap == -1) + die("Failed to set up tap device in namespace"); + }

pasta_ns_conf(c);

- tap_start_connection(c); + if (!c->no_tap) + tap_start_connection(c); }

/**

-- Stefano

On Mon, Jan 5, 2026 at 12:18 PM David Gibson wrote:

On Mon, Dec 29, 2025 at 05:55:58PM +0800, Yumei Huang wrote:

...

This patch introduces a mode where we only forward loopback connections and traffic between two namespaces (via the loopback interface, 'lo'), without a tap device.

With this, podman can support forwarding ::1 in custom networks when using rootlesskit for forwarding ports.

In --no-tap mode, --host-lo-to-ns-lo, --no-icmp and --no-ra is automatically enabled. Options requiring a tap device (--ns-ifname, --ns-mac-addr, --config-net, --outbound-if4/6) are rejected.

Link: https://bugs.passt.top/show_bug.cgi?id=149 Signed-off-by: Yumei Huang

Nice work. There are some things that need polish, but overall this looks pretty good to me. Like Stefano, I'm pleasantly surprised at how simple it turned out to be.

...

--- conf.c | 56 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--------------- fwd.c | 3 +++ passt.1 | 5 +++++ passt.h | 2 ++ pasta.c | 3 +++ tap.c | 11 +++++++---- 6 files changed, 61 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)

diff --git a/conf.c b/conf.c index 84ae12b..353d0a5 100644 --- a/conf.c +++ b/conf.c @@ -1049,7 +1049,8 @@ pasta_opts: " --no-copy-addrs DEPRECATED:\n" " Don't copy all addresses to namespace\n" " --ns-mac-addr ADDR Set MAC address on tap interface\n" - " --no-splice Disable inbound socket splicing\n"); + " --no-splice Disable inbound socket splicing\n" + " --no-tap Don't create tap device\n");

I feel like this description can be improved, but I'm not exactly sure how, yet.

...

passt_exit(status); } @@ -1451,6 +1452,7 @@ void conf(struct ctx *c, int argc, char **argv) {"no-ndp", no_argument, &c->no_ndp, 1 }, {"no-ra", no_argument, &c->no_ra, 1 }, {"no-splice", no_argument, &c->no_splice, 1 }, + {"no-tap", no_argument, &c->no_tap, 1 }, {"freebind", no_argument, &c->freebind, 1 }, {"no-map-gw", no_argument, &no_map_gw, 1 }, {"ipv4-only", no_argument, NULL, '4' }, @@ -1947,8 +1949,11 @@ void conf(struct ctx *c, int argc, char **argv) } } while (name != -1);

- if (c->mode != MODE_PASTA) + if (c->mode != MODE_PASTA) { c->no_splice = 1; + if (c->no_tap) + die("--no-tap is for pasta mode only"); + }

if (c->mode == MODE_PASTA && !c->pasta_conf_ns) { if (copy_routes_opt) @@ -1957,6 +1962,25 @@ void conf(struct ctx *c, int argc, char **argv) die("--no-copy-addrs needs --config-net"); }

+ if (c->mode == MODE_PASTA && c->no_tap) { + if (c->no_splice) + die("--no-tap is incompatible with --no-splice"); + if (*c->ip4.ifname_out || *c->ip6.ifname_out) + die("--no-tap is incompatible with --outbound-if4/6"); + if (*c->pasta_ifn) + die("--no-tap is incompatible with --ns-ifname"); + if (*c->guest_mac) + die("--no-tap is incompatible with --ns-mac-addr");

These all make sense. It might also make sense to exclude the -i option - setting a template interface also makes no sense in --no-tap mode.

Sure, I can add an if condition with if4 (as if4=if6 in that case).

...

+ if (c->pasta_conf_ns) + die("--no-tap is incompatible with --config-net");

I don't think this is right. We still can and should bring up 'lo' in the --no-tap case.

I see your point, but seems c->pasta_conf_ns is only used for tap as https://passt.top/passt/tree/pasta.c#n328, 'lo' is configured before that line.

...

+ c->host_lo_to_ns_lo = 1; + c->no_icmp = 1; + c->no_ra = 1; + c->no_dns = 1; + c->no_dns_search = 1;

The reasoning for the last two items is a bit unclear to me. IIUC, no_dns and no_dns_search aren't so much about "support" for DNS itself but for advertising DNS settings via DHCP. Since DHCP will be unsupported, so are these as a consequence. Is that right?

Yeah, I think so. Actually I added c->no_dhcp, c->no_ndp here as well, then removed them as they are set in later changes(conditions about c->ifi4/c->ifi6), though they turn out to be not quite right :'\

...

+ } + if (!ifi4 && *c->ip4.ifname_out) ifi4 = if_nametoindex(c->ip4.ifname_out);

@@ -1980,9 +2004,9 @@ void conf(struct ctx *c, int argc, char **argv) log_conf_parsed = true; /* Stop printing everything */

nl_sock_init(c, false); - if (!v6_only) + if (!v6_only && !c->no_tap) c->ifi4 = conf_ip4(ifi4, &c->ip4); - if (!v4_only) + if (!v4_only && !c->no_tap) c->ifi6 = conf_ip6(ifi6, &c->ip6);

if (c->ifi4 && c->mtu < IPV4_MIN_MTU) { @@ -1998,30 +2022,32 @@ void conf(struct ctx *c, int argc, char **argv) (*c->ip6.ifname_out && !c->ifi6)) die("External interface not usable");

- if (!c->ifi4 && !c->ifi6 && !*c->pasta_ifn) { + if (!c->ifi4 && !c->ifi6 && !*c->pasta_ifn && !c->no_tap) { strncpy(c->pasta_ifn, pasta_default_ifn, sizeof(c->pasta_ifn) - 1); }

if (!c->ifi4 && !v6_only) { - info("IPv4: no external interface as template, use local mode"); - - conf_ip4_local(&c->ip4); + if (!c->no_tap) { + info("IPv4: no external interface as template, use local mode"); + conf_ip4_local(&c->ip4); + } c->ifi4 = -1; }

if (!c->ifi6 && !v4_only) { - info("IPv6: no external interface as template, use local mode"); - - conf_ip6_local(&c->ip6); + if (!c->no_tap) { + info("IPv6: no external interface as template, use local mode"); + conf_ip6_local(&c->ip6); + } c->ifi6 = -1; }

- if (c->ifi4 && !no_map_gw && + if (c->ifi4 > 0 && !no_map_gw &&

This isn't quite right. ifi4 == -1 now occurs in two cases: local mode, and --no-tap mode. Not setting map_host_loopback makes sense for --no-tap mode, but it's still needed for local mode.

I'm a bit confused by map_host_loopback. I don't quite understand the use scenario. IIUC, either in --no-tap mode or local mode, guest can only communicate with host. Then why do we need to set map_host_loopback? What's the benefit?

...

IN4_IS_ADDR_UNSPECIFIED(&c->ip4.map_host_loopback)) c->ip4.map_host_loopback = c->ip4.guest_gw;

- if (c->ifi6 && !no_map_gw && + if (c->ifi6 > 0 && !no_map_gw &&

Same here.

...

IN6_IS_ADDR_UNSPECIFIED(&c->ip6.map_host_loopback)) c->ip6.map_host_loopback = c->ip6.guest_gw;

@@ -2116,10 +2142,10 @@ void conf(struct ctx *c, int argc, char **argv) conf_ports(c, name, optarg, &c->udp.fwd_out); } while (name != -1);

- if (!c->ifi4) + if (c->ifi4 <= 0) c->no_dhcp = 1;

- if (!c->ifi6) { + if (c->ifi6 <= 0) { c->no_ndp = 1; c->no_dhcpv6 = 1;

And here. Local mode can still use NDP and DHCP, even though --no-tap mode can't. It might be simpler to force no_ndp, no_dhcp etc. along with no_ra and the rest above.

Sure, I will add them.

...

} else if (IN6_IS_ADDR_UNSPECIFIED(&c->ip6.addr)) { diff --git a/fwd.c b/fwd.c index 44a0e10..2f4a89a 100644 --- a/fwd.c +++ b/fwd.c @@ -780,6 +780,9 @@ uint8_t fwd_nat_from_host(const struct ctx *c, uint8_t proto, return PIF_SPLICE; }

+ if (c->no_tap) + return PIF_NONE; + if (!nat_inbound(c, &ini->eaddr, &tgt->oaddr)) { if (inany_v4(&ini->eaddr)) { if (IN4_IS_ADDR_UNSPECIFIED(&c->ip4.our_tap_addr)) diff --git a/passt.1 b/passt.1 index db0d662..2d643f7 100644 --- a/passt.1 +++ b/passt.1 @@ -755,6 +755,11 @@ Default is to let the tap driver build a pseudorandom hardware address. Disable the bypass path for inbound, local traffic. See the section \fBHandling of local traffic in pasta\fR in the \fBNOTES\fR for more details.

+.TP +.BR \-\-no-tap +Do not create a tap device in the namespace. In this mode, only local loopback +traffic between namespaces is forwarded using splice.

This probably wants some work, because I'm not sure "tap device" and "splice" are sufficiently clear in this context.

Yeah, I will think about that. Thanks.

...

+ .SH EXAMPLES

.SS \fBpasta diff --git a/passt.h b/passt.h index 79d01dd..0c1ec4c 100644 --- a/passt.h +++ b/passt.h @@ -200,6 +200,7 @@ struct ip6_ctx { * @no_ndp: Disable NDP handler altogether * @no_ra: Disable router advertisements * @no_splice: Disable socket splicing for inbound traffic + * @no_tap: Do not create tap device * @host_lo_to_ns_lo: Map host loopback addresses to ns loopback addresses * @freebind: Allow binding of non-local addresses for forwarding * @low_wmem: Low probed net.core.wmem_max @@ -277,6 +278,7 @@ struct ctx { int no_ndp; int no_ra; int no_splice; + int no_tap; int host_lo_to_ns_lo; int freebind;

diff --git a/pasta.c b/pasta.c index 0ddd6b0..3510ec5 100644 --- a/pasta.c +++ b/pasta.c @@ -316,6 +316,9 @@ void pasta_ns_conf(struct ctx *c) die("Couldn't bring up loopback interface in namespace: %s", strerror_(-rc));

+ if (c->no_tap) + return; + /* Get or set MAC in target namespace */ if (MAC_IS_ZERO(c->guest_mac)) nl_link_get_mac(nl_sock_ns, c->pasta_ifi, c->guest_mac); diff --git a/tap.c b/tap.c index 9d1344b..9b4eedc 100644 --- a/tap.c +++ b/tap.c @@ -1491,13 +1491,16 @@ static int tap_ns_tun(void *arg) */ static void tap_sock_tun_init(struct ctx *c) { - NS_CALL(tap_ns_tun, c); - if (c->fd_tap == -1) - die("Failed to set up tap device in namespace"); + if (!c->no_tap) { + NS_CALL(tap_ns_tun, c); + if (c->fd_tap == -1) + die("Failed to set up tap device in namespace"); + }

pasta_ns_conf(c);

- tap_start_connection(c); + if (!c->no_tap) + tap_start_connection(c); }

/** -- 2.49.0

-- David Gibson (he or they) | I'll have my music baroque, and my code david AT gibson.dropbear.id.au | minimalist, thank you, not the other way | around. http://www.ozlabs.org/~dgibson

-- Thanks, Yumei Huang